Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula

Oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula is a congenital structural abnormality that affects 1:4500 live infants. It is due to failure of the primitive foregut tube to separate correctly into oesophagus and trachea. About 50% have associated abnormalities, of which the VACTERL (Vertebral, Anorectal, Cardiac, Tracheo-oEsophageal, Renal and Limb) association is the most common. Prematurity is common and all have some degree of tracheomalacia. Surgery of the common type can be performed through a fourth interspace thoracotomy or by thoracoscopy. It involves division of the distal tracheo-oesophageal fistula and anastomosing together the two ends of the oesophagus. The absence of a distal fistula reveals itself as a “gasless abdomen” on plain radiology, and usually indicates a long gap between the blind oesophageal ends: this sometimes necessitates an oesophageal replacement if extensive oesophageal mobilization fails to achieve an end-to-end anastomosis of the oesophagus. Potential post-operative problems include anastomotic leak, anastomotic stricture, recurrence of the fistula, gastro-oesophageal reflux, oesophageal dysmotility, and food impaction. Survival is determined mainly by coexisting congenital abnormalities. The long-term risk of oesophageal malignancy is yet to be established. Isolated tracheo-oesophageal fistula (“H fistula”) can occur without atresia, and often presents after feeding has commenced. It is divided through a cervical incision.     

The impact of bariatric surgery on the risk of coronary revascularization

BackgroundMetabolic surgery is associated with improved cardiovascular risk profile. Randomized and observational studies exploring the impact of bariatric surgery on follow-up coronary revascularization (CR) as a primary endpoint are limited.ObjectivesTo identify the impact of metabolic surgery on the risk of follow-up CR, including percutaneous coronary revascularization (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)SettingStony Brook Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University Hospital, New York, United States.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for patients with obesity between 2006 and September 2015. Patients were divided into those with history of metabolic surgery and those without. Patient were also stratified by bariatric surgery type. All study groups were followed till 2018 and for at least 3 years to monitor the development of the primary endpoint—any CR including PCI or CABG.ResultsThe study population with obesity was 515,307 patients; 95,901 with history of surgery versus 419,406 matched patients without. A total of 12,873 (13.4%) with surgery and 51,478 (12.27%) without were lost to follow-up by 2018. The group with history of surgery had a reduced risk of future CR (hazard ratio [HR], .46; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .42–.50; P < .0001), PCI (HR, .45; 95% CI: .41–.49; P < .0001) and CABG (HR, .49; 95% CI:.42–.56; P < .0001). In subgroup analysis, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding compared with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) was associated with higher follow-up CR (HR, 1.34; 95% CI: 1.11–1.63; P < .01) and PCI (HR, 1.34; 95% CI: 1.07–1.68; P < .05).ConclusionBariatric surgery is associated with reduced risk of future CR, PCI, and CABG. Upon subgroup analysis, RYGB was associated with reduced risk of PCI and CR.     

腹腔镜全胃切除术两种消化道重建方式对肠道通透性影响研究

目的比较非离断式与传统式Roux-en-Y吻合在腹腔镜根治性全胃切除术重建中的疗效及对患者肠道黏膜通透性的影响。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年2月收治的60例行腹腔镜根治性全胃切除术的胃癌患者。根据术中消化道重建方式不同,将行非离断式Roux-en-Y吻合的30例患者列为A组,传统式Roux-en-Y吻合的30例列为B组。应用SPSS23.0统计软件进行统计分析,围手术指标、肠道黏膜通透性指标等计量资料以(±s)表示,比较采用独立t检验;术后并发症采用χ^2检验,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。结果A组术中出血量少于B组,术后恢复排气时间短于B组(P<0.05)。B组发生RSS的发生率高于A组(P<0.05)。A组L/M数值、血浆D-乳酸水平、血清内毒素水平、DAO值均低于B组,血浆Gln水平高于B组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论非离断式Roux-en-Y吻合较传统式相比具有出血量少、肛门恢复排气时间快、Roux瘀血综合征发生率低等临床优势,且对患者肠道通透性的影响较小,可推广应用。     

Impact of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy on gut microbiota: a metagenomic comparative analysis

BackgroundBariatric surgery is an effective therapeutic procedure for morbidly obese patients. The 2 most common interventions are sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB).ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare microbiome long-term microbiome after SG and LRYGB surgery in obese patients.SettingUniversity Hospital, France; University Hospital, United States; and University Hospital, Switzerland.MethodsEighty-nine and 108 patients who underwent SG and LRYGB, respectively, were recruited. Stools were collected before and 6 months after surgery. Microbial DNA was analyzed with shotgun metagenomic sequencing (SOLiD 5500 xl Wildfire). MSPminer, a novel innovative tool to characterize new in silico biological entities, was used to identify 715 Metagenomic Species Pan-genome. One hundred forty-eight functional modules were analyzed using GOmixer and KEGG database.ResultsBoth interventions resulted in a similar increase of Shannon’s diversity index and gene richness of gut microbiota, in parallel with weight loss, but the changes of microbial composition were different. LRYGB led to higher relative abundance of aero-tolerant bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and buccal species, such as Streptococcus and Veillonella spp. In contrast, anaerobes, such as Clostridium, were more abundant after SG, suggesting better conservation of anaerobic conditions in the gut. Enrichment of Akkermansia muciniphila was also observed after both surgeries. Function-level changes included higher potential for bacterial use of supplements, such as vitamin B12, B1, and iron upon LRYGB.ConclusionMicrobiota changes after bariatric surgery depend on the nature of the intervention. LRYGB induces greater taxonomic and functional changes in gut microbiota than SG. Possible long-term health consequences of these alterations remain to be established.     

Examining the Hispanic paradox in bariatric surgery

BackgroundThe obesity rate for the Hispanic population is significantly higher than that of white, non-Hispanic people in the United States, yet Hispanic people undergo disproportionately fewer metabolic and bariatric surgery procedures. This study used the Metabolic Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program data registry to examine potential differences in preoperative co-morbidities and postoperative outcomes in Hispanic adults undergoing sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedures in the United States.ObjectivesTo study the presence of the Hispanic paradox in metabolic and bariatric surgery utilizing the MBSAQIP registry.SettingAcademic Teaching Institution.MethodsParticipant User Files from the Metabolic Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program were reviewed for patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (2015–2017). Patients were grouped by race (Hispanic versus all other races) and primary procedure performed. Variables for major and minor postoperative complications were combined. A univariate analysis was performed on unmatched and propensity-matched cohorts.ResultsAfter applying exclusions, 53,353 (13.7%) Hispanic patients and 335,299 non-Hispanic patients remained. A univariate analysis demonstrated Hispanic patients had the lowest preoperative co-morbidity profile compared with all other races and decreased rates of major and minor postoperative complications. Using matched-cohort data, when complications were assessed and grouped as major/minor complications, rates of major and minor complications in Hispanic patients were lower in the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass group, despite Hispanic patients having higher leak rates. Similarly, there were no differences between Hispanic/non-Hispanic sleeve gastrectomy patients in overall major/minor complication rates despite Hispanic patients exhibiting higher venous thromboembolism and lower bleeding compared with non-Hispanic patients.ConclusionHispanic patients undergo disproportionately low rates of metabolic and bariatric surgery procedures and present with lower incidence of preoperative co-morbidities. Additionally, Hispanic patients have the same or decreased incidence of postoperative complications compared with non-Hispanic patients, thereby corroborating the Hispanic paradox.     

平行重叠吻合法在3D腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术中的应用价值

目的探讨平行重叠吻合法在3D腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术中的应用价值。方法采用回顾性横断面研究方法。收集2016年7月至2019年7月河南省人民医院收治的138例行3D腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术患者的临床病理资料;男83例,女55例;中位年龄为64岁,年龄范围为30~76岁。138例患者术前右半结肠肿瘤均经肠镜及病理学检查确诊为恶性肿瘤;所有患者按日本大肠癌协会第9版《大肠癌规约》进行淋巴结清扫,严格遵循无瘤原则行右半结肠切除术。观察指标:(1)手术情况。(2)术后情况。(3)随访情况。采用门诊或电话方式进行随访,了解患者生存和肿瘤复发转移情况。随访时间截至2019年9月。正态分布的计量资料以±s表示。偏态分布的计量资料以M(范围)表示。计数资料以绝对数或百分比表示。结果(1)手术情况:138例患者均行3D腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术,消化道重建采用平行重叠吻合法,无1例中转开腹。138例患者手术时间为(151.0±54.0)min,平行重叠吻合时间为(20.1±2.0)min,术中出血量为(60±21)mL。(2)术后情况:138例患者术后首次肛门排气时间为(2.5±0.4)d,术后进食半流质食物时间为(4.0±1.3)d,手术辅助切口长度为(3.0±0.2)cm,术后并发症发生率为3.62%(5/138)。5例术后发生并发症的患者中,1例肠梗阻经胃肠减压、营养支持等保守治疗后痊愈;1例吻合口漏,经胃肠减压、局部通畅引流、控制感染、营养支持等保守治疗后痊愈;1例腹腔积液伴感染行CT引导下置管引流后痊愈;1例切口感染给予控制感染,加强换药,局部冲洗引流后痊愈;1例肺部感染,经抗感染治疗后痊愈。138例患者术后清扫淋巴结数目为(19±8)枚,术后住院时间为(7.2±4.1)d,治疗费用为(4.8±1.4)万元。138例患者术后病理学检查结果示结肠腺癌,其中低分化腺癌27例,中分化腺癌92例,高分化腺癌10例,黏液腺癌9例。(3)随访情况:138例患者中,133例获得随访,随访时间为2~38个月,中位随访时间为18个月。随访期间,2例患者死亡(1例术后16个月发现多发肝转移,术后21个月死亡;1例术后20个月发现多发肝转移,术后24个月死亡),8例出现肿瘤远处转移,其中肝转移5例,肺转移1例,腹腔转移2例,死亡及转移患者的术后病理学分期均为Ⅲ期。其余123例患者一般情况良好。结论平行重叠吻合法应用于3D腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术中安全、有效。